Lightheadedness
Diluted ammonia and acetic acid served as conditional odor cues (CSs) in
a differential associative learning paradigm. Hyperventilation-induced
hypocapnia (unconditional stimulus [US]) was used to induce
lightheadedness. In a training phase, participants (n = 28) performed
three hypocapnic and three normocapnic overbreathing trials of 60
seconds each. One odor was consistently paired with the hypocapnic
overbreathing (CS+); the other (control) odor was paired with
normocapnic overbreathing (CS-). In the test phase, each odor was
presented once during spontaneous breathing and once during normocapnic
overventilation. Lightheadedness was assessed online during each
breathing trial, which was followed by an extensive hyperventilation
symptom checklist. Fractional end-tidal CO2, breathing frequency, and
inspiratory volume were measured throughout the experiment.
Lightheadedness
Lightheadedness
Lightheadedness
Lightheadedness
Lightheadedness
Lightheadedness
Lightheadedness
Lightheadedness
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